Hepatitis C Essay -- essays research papers

Hepatitis C has been referred to as a "Silent Epidemic," since it usually progresses slowly over many years. Most people who are infected with hepatitis C are not aware of any noticeable symptoms for as long as one to two decades after they are infected. In fact, by the time symptoms appear, the virus has probably already begun to damage the liver. If the liver is injured and stops functioning, death will always be the outcome (Lieber). Liver failure from chronic hepatitis C is one of the most common causes of liver transplants in the United States. Hepatitis C is an inflammation of the liver’s cells and tissues caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C virus is blood-borne, which means it is spread through blood and blood products (Grady). After the discovery of hepatitis A virus in 1973 and hepatitis B in 1963, any cases of acute or chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis without identifiable causes were placed into the category of non-A non-B (NANB) hepatitis(Palmer108) . In 1989, a major breakthrough regarding this mysterious and intriguing disease occurred, the hepatitis C virus was identified. Now, most hepatitis C viruses are believed to be the viruses responsible for about 90 percent of all cases of NANB. According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, approximately 1.8% of the U.S. population, or 3.9 million Americans, have been infected with this chronic blood-borne virus. About 50,000 new cases of hepatitis C are estimated to occur in the United States each year. Without proper and effective treatment the death rate is expected to triple in the next fifteen years (Turkington 9). Seventy-five percent of those infected with the virus will develop chronic hepatitis and half of those people will develop cirrhosis of the liver Due to the fact that Hepatitis C is blood-borne there are many ways a person can contract HCV, and many types of people who are more prone to it than others. The most effective mode of transmission is when an infected persons blood gets into the bloodstream of another person. HCV can only enter the bloodstream by first getting through the protective covering skin, this is called percutaneous route. Common routes of infection include needle stick accidents among healthcare workers, shared needles that are used during body piercing, injecting illegal drugs, and tattooing (Turkington 19). Another common ... ...eek so many people ignore them and go back to their normal lives. Once most people become infected with acute hepatitis C and are untreated, patient will develop chronic hepatitis. In fact 85 percent of infected people develop chronic hepatitis C (Palmer 118). Chronic hepatitis can lead to cirrhosis of the liver, liver failure, and liver cancer (Hoofnagle). If Chronic hepatitis does not reverse itself, and a liver transplant is not done the liver will shrink, the kidneys will fail, and the patient will lapse into a coma (Bushie). The main symptom for chronic hepatitis in jaundice. The result is the yellowish appearance of the skin and eyes and the urine will become a brownish color (Leiber). Many patients have complained of red itchy rash on their bodies and pain in their lung and abdominal areas (Bushie). The limbs often swell, and many experience brain fogs, where they forget what is happening around them. There are many symptoms that hepatitis C shares with other viruses, this is what makes it difficult to diagnose. After the diagnosis is made from the necessary blood tests, the doctor will perform a liver biopsy to determine the extent of inflammation and damage in the liver.

What is the purpose of the agency?

The purpose of the Arizona Medical Board is â€Å"to protect public safety through the judicious licensing, regulation and education of all allopathic physicians† (Arizona Medical Board, 2013). This means that the physicians in Arizona are monitored by the Medical Board for the sole purpose of protecting the public. What services does the agency perform? The Board is responsible for investigating patient complaints against physicians and when appropriate, taking disciplinary action against their licenses. This means that if a patient has a complaint about a specific doctor or a medical facility, the Board will review the complaint and then investigate the situation. Appropriate discipline will be administered, ranging from practice restrictions to revocation of their licenses. How does the agency maintain the integrity of the profession? The agency maintains the integrity of allopathic physicians (MD) by making sure their practices are ethical and safe. They pay attention to any complaints that are made, and they investigate them to the best of their ability. They make sure that the physicians are not risking or causing harm to themselves, their patients, or their practices. If or when the Board gets wind of a problem with a physician or facility, they waste no time before they investigate. Whom does the agency support? The agency supports the public. Their main focus is making sure that the public has access to competent health care professionals that are capable of providing safe, effective services to their patients. Identify education, licensure, or certification requirements. Physicians who have graduated from an approved medical school are required to have one year of training in an approved hospital internship, residency or fellowship program. Physicians who have graduated from an unapproved medical school are required to have 3 years of training in an approved hospital internship, residency or fellowship program. Physicians are required to complete 40 credit hours of Continued Medical Education during the two calendar years preceding biennial renewal. To become bored certified, a physician must take and pass an oral and written examination given by the American Board of Medical Specialties in a particular field of expertise or specialty. The Arizona Medical Board does not automatically give a license to a physician just because they have a license in a different state. They are still required to become licensed in Arizona (Arizona Medical Board, 2013).

Reading Achievement And Difficulties Of Students Essay

I.  ¬Introduction This chapter provides an overview of the present study. First, reading achievement and difficulties of students who are d/Deaf and hard of hearing (d/Dhh) are discussed. Second, it justifies the theoretical framework of the study with three primary sources: Simple View of Reading (Gough Tunmer, 1986; Hoover Gough, 1990), the National Reading Panel (NRP, 2000), and the Qualitative Similarity Hypothesis (QSH) (Paul, Wang, Williams, 2013). Next, Visual Phonics is explained. Then this chapter introduces the purpose of the study and proposes three research questions. It also briefly discusses the research methodology for gathering data relevant to the questions. The last part of the chapter provides details about the key terms of the study. a. Reading Achievement of d/Dhh Students Reading is an essential skill for social life and academic success. Learning to read is a complex process. Some students learn to read effortlessly, but others find it difficult. Reading difficulties of d/Dhh students are well documented. Most students with severe to profound hearing loss graduate from a high school with approximately a fourth-grade reading level (Paul, 2009; Paul, Wang, Williams, 2013; Traxler, 2000; Wurst, Jones, Luckner, 2005). Fourth grade reading level is considered functionally illiterate because the literate reading level is a 5th or 6th grade (Paul, 1997), and the majority of students who graduate from a high school are functionally illiterate.Show MoreRelatedRti Paper1510 Words   |  7 Pagesto show RTI as the most effective treatment to reduce academic difficulties in children with learning disabilities. Using RTI, 381 students were compared to 377 students who were tested in the previous year using IQ-Achieveme nt Discrepancy Model with positive effect sizes ranging from 0.64 to 0.82 (O’Connor, Bocian, Beach, Sanchez, Flynn, 2013). The focus of this research is in the area of RTI and the effects on academic achievement in elementary schools in and across Missouri using a statisticalRead MoreThe Certification Requirements Of A Reading Specialist1554 Words   |  7 Pagesof Literature In this chapter, the certification requirements of a Reading Specialist will be addressed along with the impact of subject specific training on student achievement. Secondly, examining the importance of phonemic awareness and the predictive relationship of reading achievement. Lastly, specifying the reasoning for further research will be examined regarding reading specialist and phonemic awareness skills. Reading Specialist must possess the appropriate graduate education credentialsRead MoreWhat Are The Two Options For Identifying Students With Learning Disabilities?772 Words   |  4 Pagesidentifying students with learning disabilities? Briefly summarize each. The two options for identifying students with disabilities are RTI model and the IQ-Achievement discrepancy model. The RTI model is a multi-tiered approach to identifying students with disabilities. With this approach the amount of students who are identified as having a learning disability has decreased because of the support students receive at different tiers and it eliminates inadequate instruction as the reason for reading problemsRead MoreThank You, Mr. Falker By Patricia Placco830 Words   |  4 PagesDyslexia, a common name for reading disorders, is common among students, and unfortunately many have similar experiences to Ms. Placco. How many of these children could feel like they can learn and even learn to read if teachers were more aware of the issue and better equipped to help these children? (QUOTE FROM THANK YOU MR. FALKER) SOME STATISTIS ABOUT READING DISORDERS AND ITNRO TO DYSLEXIA. This raises the questions, what is dyslexia and how can we help students with dyslexia in the classroomRead MoreCognitive Theory And Teaching Vocabulary Enhancement For Various Types Of Learners1620 Words   |  7 PagesOver the years, vocabulary has become increasingly important in the content areas such as English, social studies, mathematics and science. Vocabulary knowledge and comprehension is crucial. Although there are many different causes for students’ shortfalls in reading comprehension, there are a variety of strategies to improve these deficits (Biemiller, 2006). This paper looks at the many studies performed on strategies for vocabulary enhancement for various types of learners, as well as instructionalRead MoreExample Of A Case Study Current Achievement Data1700 Words   |  7 PagesCurrent Achievement Data For this curricular gap analysis I will be using data from the second grade classes in this case study school. There are two classes of second grade students with 40 total students. I feel that this is a pivotal year in learning to differentiate between just decoding words and actual reading. If there is a gap that can be filled in their reading journey, this is an important year to fill it so they can continue on to the higher grades without struggling to still learnRead MoreMotivation Students With Learning Disabilities886 Words   |  4 PagesMotivation in Students with Learning Disabilities Rizka Puspitarani (3490616) What is Learning Disability? Learning disabilities (LD), or in some clinical cases called specific learning disorder, is a neurodevelopmental disorder which the individual is experiencing difficulties in learning and using academic skills (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Person with LD usually shows at least one difficulty in literacy (i.e.: inaccurate or slow and takes effort to read, difficult to understandRead MoreThe Role Of Literacy Teachers For The Academic Achievement Of The First Grade Students978 Words   |  4 PagesThe important role of Literacy teachers for the academic achievement of the first grade students in Saudi Arabia and how Literacy impacts student success in the future Introduction The learning and reading skills are provided to children in the first-grades and continue to do so at all educational levels in schools. In order to enhance the reading abilities of students in early educational stages, teachers utilize various kinds of approaches such as the alphabetic, phonics, analytic, synthetic, andRead MoreDespite Being One Of The Most Common Disabilties, Those1690 Words   |  7 Pagesprocesses involved in understanding or using language, spoken or written [that] may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations† (Turnbull et al., 2016, p. 104). However, a student is not classified as having a learning disorder if his or her learning problem primarily results from a condition other than a learning disability (Smith et al, 2016) –hearing, motor, visual disabilities, environment, emotional disturbance, economicRead MoreTwo Tests in the World of Psychology and Education944 Words   |  4 Pagesmeasure ability and achievement for children who have been referred for a variety of academic and behavioral concerns. These tests are known as the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children- Fourth Edition (WISC-IV) and the Woodcock-Johnson III (WJ-III). In the school system these children are referred and given one of these or both tests by the school psychologist. By using these assessments teachers and school staff are able to identify specific difficulties that these students are having and how

Colonial Life Essay - 1007 Words

Colonial Life In the earlier years of the colonies life was a bit more difficult than it is now in the presant. People led simpeler lives without all the things we take for granted today. Times when our government was merely a puppet of mother England thousands of miles away. It was this government and its actions that brought out the anger in its subjects to the point of rebellion and eventual emancipation from the larger power. So what brought this small country to the boiling point? It seemed to be a serious of pushes from England that led to the eventual split of the colonies and the U.K. Circa 1763, England. Parliament wrights up the proclamation of 1763 and sends it too America. No more western expansion, no more land†¦show more content†¦To show the Indians their gratitude the British decided to show them their gratitude in the form of a royal proclamation. By making the Appalachians off limits too white settlers the natives received hunting ground. For the Indians this de al was great, after years of being persecuted and subjugated they finally get something in return. Now for the land hungry settlers this was devastating, they saw it as a travesty seeing as how this was passed right after the French war. This is because once the French were gone lands to the south west of the colonies were open for business, but then parliament stepped in. This proclamation, written bye parliament in 1763 was the major turning point in American history from passive criticism to active disagreement. This proclamation was somewhat of a leash, to the settlers of America. To keep the anxious settlers from moving out of their jurisdiction Britain saw this law as not only a sign of good faith to the Indians but a way to control its people. It created much frustration, and feelings of rage in lower and upper class citizens of America. Unable to gain commercial success in the urbanized areas farmers and spectators need more land to support themselves and their families. Rich landowners in turn were missing out on more land, I.E more money. Unfortunately for both groups this law created a racial boundary between the white and the native peoples. And whereas it is just and reasonable, andShow MoreRelatedLife in Colonial America1942 Words   |  8 PagesDuring colonial times life would not have been anything like it is today. They would not have a cell phone, computer or a global positioning system. The family would wake up to begin their day with chores depending on their sex, location, age and, the families’ social class. Families were large for various reasons - help on the farm, most children died before the age of five. Childbirth was extremely dangerous for women of the day. Doctors did not deliver infants. That job belonged to midwivesRead MoreThe Beginning Of Colonial Life1060 Words   |  5 PagesThe beginning of colonial life started off with great living conditions. There was a lack of disease and good amount of clean drinking. These new conditions for the colonist added a few years to the life expectancies. Because of the new great life spans of the colonist, the growth of New England was at an all-time high. Even though there was a great start in New England, Chesapeake was far from growing at the time. It was full of disease; almost all of the men and women were widowers. And theirRead MoreLife in Colonial America Essay2130 Words   |  9 Pagesservants, and served in minor offices. Each group by different means accumulated property that was part of the servitude mirrored the same ideals as white plantations, effectively repeating the same vicious cycle (Kupperman, 2000, pg. 309-312). The colonial commerce was a white industry, with relationships ties with England for import and export would only work if your race was white (Reich, 2011, pg. 148-149). Each group of people however was affected differently even if the many factors like raceRead MoreLife For Women During Colonial America1993 Words   |  8 PagesLife for women in Colonial America was tougher to endure than life back in England. With daily home chores, that generally lasted all day, to keeping the children under contr ol, women were often burdened by the amount of work they had. Luckily, settling down and finding a husband was inevitable. Although, many women who first came to America as indentured servants would have to wait for marriage until the end of their service. Life in the colonies was different for a female indentured servant andRead MoreThe Revolutionary City Is Not Just An Area1515 Words   |  7 Pagesmodern centuries, an American faith has bestowed on the Tidewater town of Williamsburg, Virginia. Colonial Williamsburg adequately portrays how the area incorporates the cultures, hopes, aspirations, and conflicts of the American people of the time period. The Revolutionary City is not just an area that is composed of colonial streets and buildings. It is a community of people and their tales of life linking the distant past with a relevant future. In the Historic Area, visitors are able to experienceRead MoreThe American Colonial Life During The Late 1700 S961 Words   |  4 Pagesor by sea, eighteenth century colonial travel was arduous, expensive, and many times dangerous. Because of this, few people traveled very far from their homes. Transportation has changed dramatically since the late 1700’s. It was during this time that Colonial America was budding as a new country. This was before airplanes, which appeared in the very early stages of the 1900’s. Cars showed up about the same time, so rewind about 200 plus years and we’re back in colonial America. It wasn’t civilizedRead More Colonial Middle Class American Life Essay1106 Words   |  5 Pages Middle Class Americans American middle class life was greatly influenced throughout 1870-1917. There were many profound changes, however the American industrialization and urbanization were the most rapid and unquestionably the most important. The industrialist brought forth household names that are still around today such as Swift, Armour, Westinghouse, Pillsbury, Pullman, Rocketfeller, Carnegie, and Duke. Due to the rapid movement of industrialization, so began a movement of urbanization. BetweenRead MoreEssay about What Was Life Like In Colonial Times?904 Words   |  4 Pages What was Life Like in Colonial Times? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When the first colonists came to America there were not many things available to them. Their life was hard, almost impossible compared to life today. The early colonists spent almost every hour of everyday working to stay alive. They survived because they were committed to making their settlement grow. (John F. Warner- pg.12-13) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The first colonists had to make almost everything using only a few simpleRead MoreFreedom Is Never More Than One Generation Away From Extinction1831 Words   |  8 Pagesgoing to be easy with the stubborn Indians. After all the fighting with the Indians the Virginia Company wanted nothing to do with Virginia anymore. Two years later Virginia became the first royal colony. As Tobacco became an important part of Virginia life, they soon realized they were missing something, women and children. In 1620 and 1621 many women came over to Virginia but unfortunately they became servants and had to complete their work before coming wives. With the establishment of Jamestown VirginiaRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of the Warrant Chief System in the Cross River Region2474 Words   |  10 PagesINTRODUCTION Prior to the advent of the British Colonialists to our shores more than four hundred years ago, the traditional institutions held sway as the organisational structure around which the socio-political, cultural, administrative and economic life of the people revolved. It was therefore, not surprising that the colonialists who came to exploit us with their imperial motives and to imposed their own social order on the indigenous existing nationalities that later coalesced into the present day

Implication Of Homemaking Beyond Home - 939 Words

5. Implication of homemaking beyond home These situated performances of homemaking beyond home confirm how cultural and more-than-human approaches to home can inform the ‘layers of interactions’ (Gibbs, 2009) that continuously rationalize immigrants’ living in a city and reconfigure urban Sydney. Central conclusion is that newly settled migrants’ homemaking in Sydney does not end with securing a roof over a family’s head, rather it is networked and processual – both materially and metaphorically extending beyond home. Imaginaries of belonging, as sense of an immigrant’s home, are not tied to the confinement of a dwelling site; rather urban liveability and production of a meaningful home involve social-cultural associations and economic attachments forged in and through more-than-human relations across the settlement spectrum. Therefore, any housing supply, especially if it is targeted to young immigrants should offer multi-scalar opportunities that are streamlined to match imm igrants’ material and cultural demands. Young immigrants’ homemaking blurs the boundary between private and public through associations with the more-than-human others. These associations positively reconfigure women’s role at home and outside as these non-humans liberated female immigrants from the confinement of homes. Compared to their devalued and unvalued domestic labour earlier in their countries of origin, now they are economically active involving themselves in homemade food supply, homeShow MoreRelatedSocial Studies Csec Study Guide10262 Words   |  42 Pagesor other assistance. For example, a government might provide: †¢ welfare payments to help meet basic needs †¢ facilities, such as day nurseries to help working mothers †¢ feeding programmes †¢ counselling programmes †¢ foster homes or foster care for children who cannot live at home or who have lost their parents †¢ care services for people who are old or incapacitated and for those who have mental health issues or physical disabilities. KEY POINTS 1 A family produces new members for a society. 2 A familyRead MoreGender and Advertising7641 Words   |  31 Pagesfamily structure toward the end of the 20th century (U.S. Depart-ment of Labor, 2000), and that trend continues today. Internationally, the story is similar. It is estimated that worldwide about 70% of all working-age women now work outside of the home (Witel-Daugenti, 2011). Women make up the majority of professional workers in many countries, even in the Mediterranean, where women have traditionally held more menial jobs. In Spain, for example, the propor-tion of young women in the labor forceRead MoreFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 Pagesgardening, pickling, canning, being very social with my neighbors, joining committees, running PTA teas. I can do it all, and I like it, but it doesn t leave you anything to think about — any feeling of who you are. ... I love the kids and Bob and my home. There s no problem you can even put a name to. But I m desperate. I begin to feel I have no personality. I m a server of food and putter-on of pants and a bed maker, somebody who can be called on when you want something. But who am I? A similarRead MoreImpact of Emerging Markets on Marketing15122 Words   |  61 PagesIn the third part, I discuss how we will need to rethink marketing theory, strategy, policy, and practice in light of the unique nature of emerging markets. I also offer several propositions for further research. In the final section, I provide implications for marketing practice, function, and research. Growth of Emerging Markets A major recent context is the growth of emerging markets (Gu, Hung, and Tse 2008; Hitt et al. 2000; Hoskisson et. al., 2000). It is estimated that by 2035, the grossRead MoreEssay about Gendered Media9688 Words   |  39 Pagesbecause fewer than 10% live beyond 35. Those who do, like their younger and male counterparts, are nearly all white and heterosexual. In addition to being young, the majority of women are beautiful, very thin, passive, and primarily concerned with relationships and getting rings out of collars and commodes. There are a few bad, bitchy women, and they are not so pretty, not so subordinate, and not so caring as the good women. Most of the bad ones work outside of the home, which is probably why theyRead MoreMulticultural Education in a Pluralistic Society21691 Words   |  87 Pagesmeasure. These five determinants of SES are interrelated. Although inequality has many forms, these factors are probably the most salient for an individual because they affect how on e lives. A family’s SES is usually observable—in the size of their home and the part of town in which they live, the schools their children attend, or the clubs to which the parents belong. Many educators place their students at specific SES levels on the basis of similar observations about their families, based on theRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesEmployee Rights 7 Motivating Knowledge Workers 7 Paying Employees Market Value 8 Communications 8 Decentralized Work Sites 8 Skill Levels 8 A Legal Concern 8 Employee Involvement 20 How Organizations Involve Employees 20 Employee Involvement Implications for HRM 20 Other HRM Challenges 21 Recession 21 Off Shoring 21 Mergers 22 A Look at Ethics 22 Summary 23 Demonstrating Comprehension: Questions for Review 24 Key Terms 24 HRM Workshop 25 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 25 DevelopingRead MoreMarketing Mix of Haeir18481 Words   |  74 Pagesmanufacturers across Industry. But the company which would introduce innovative product, with unique technology and provide convenience by satisfying them with something new would surely attract customers. Haier Appliances which is one of the largest Home Appliances brand in the world. Haier is known worldwide for â€Å"inspiring the living† of customers with the unique and patented product like Bottom Mounted Refrigerators. The company was established in 1984, and in only 23 years, it has attained globalRead MoreSda Manual Essay101191 Words   |  405 Pagesthe Board .................................................................... Committees of the Board .......................................................... School Board Meetings ................................................................. Home and School Association ....................................................... Notes ............................................................................................. Form of Service ....................................................

Anthro Exam Notes and Review Free Essays

Biological Anthropology – can demonstrate: how populations vary (biological variations; hair color, blood type, etc. ) that past populations have evolved that modern human populations are evolving and changing through time. Biological/ Physical Anthropology: Foundations In offs ? recognition of variation, concern over how species came to be. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthro Exam Notes and Review or any similar topic only for you Order Now Major research areas: Paleontology’s – anthropology concerned with fossil hominids; study of human evolution. Pharmacology – belonging to same taxonomic order as humans; study of vying primates; study of nonhuman primates. Human Variation – to describe and explain biological differences between various human populations. Biological study areas and specializations: Molecular anthropology Astrology (study of skeletons) Paleontology Forensic anthropology 2. Archaeology – the study of the human past through material remains found In the present. Don’t do dinosaurs, few do pyramids, and fewer do space aliens. Basic Premise of Archeology: Material remains studied were created and deposited in the past, but are studied in the present. Surviving archaeological record is typically a pale reflection of what actually happened in the past. Prehistoric Archeology: 99% of human history is unrecorded before present historic archeology studies. Archeology today: Trash In landfills Is usually a good representation of the state of the economy (poor economy – less trash). August 24. 2012 Applied Anthropology: Work for non-academic clients, such as government agencies, community groups, and businesses. All four sub-disciplines Cultural, Linguistic, Physical (Biological), Archaeology August 27, 2012 Research Ethics: Informed Consent: Especially when performed on human subjects Medical research means the subject must be protected and aware of test What Is Who is sponsoring the research? Who can you call with questions? Personal safety and safety of the subjects Interpretation of data gathered: Mimic categories Used by the people interviewed Ethic categories Used by ethnographer Research Process: Formulating research questions Obtaining funding Conducting the research Interpreting the research Publishing the results Subject Position(s) of the Ethnographer(s): Country of origin Region, community Class Race/Ethnicity Gender/Sexual orientation Age Life experience Social Theories Current at the Time Research Conducted: Interactions that occurred during fieldwork: How the people being represented choose to represent themselves to the ethnographer. How the ethnographer represents him or herself and interprets the interactions then and later. Historical Events: Before and during the research Types of Studies: Community studies Comparative studies Multi-sited (several research areas) Problem-oriented research Longitudinal research Team research Theoretical Trends in Cultural Anthropology: Historical Particularistic: In the United States Franz Boas = father of anthropology in the United States Focus on Native Americans Describe cultural artifacts, knowledge Assumption: Indigenous cultures were disappearing in the face of modernity, so anthropologists needed to â€Å"salvage† that knowledge. Another important goal: argued that cultures are very complex and all components off culture matter. Ruth Benedict Margaret Made 0 Patterns of culture, culture and personality Structural Functionalism: Developed in Britain and France What are the functions of structures and how do they make everything work? Theory sakes away from the fact that society can function organically and doesn’t address what happens if the society is not functioning properly or is malfunctioning. Influenced a lot of ideas about religion and society. Bronchial Mammalians Polish, taught in Britain Credited as the person who came up with doing extensive field research for a year (living in the culture). Developed out of fieldwork that it is not enough to tell the natives to come up to the house and do interviews, but you must live with the people of a village and see what happens on a day-to-day basis to really understand the society. A. R. Radcliff-Brown Research in Africa Claude Levi-Strauss French Took Structural Functionalism and worked it with the mind Cultural Evolution and Cultural Ecology: Concerns: Adaptations to environments Historical Ecology says you cannot assume that things are organically created but you must consider people of the past. Leslie White, Julian Steward, etc. Political Economy: Concerns: Power relations and social inequalities Pay attention to the relationships and power differences within a particular society or culture. Stresses social inequalities based on class Influenced by the Marxist theory Cultural Interpretation and Reflexive Ethnographers: Reflections about power relations involved in ethnographic research and writing. In particular, reflections about the role of the ethnographer in conducting and writing up the research. Questions scientific claims to objectivity and truth. The idea that you must be someone from outside of the culture to analyze the culture because you will be more objective was questioned because what about the language or the subtle aspects of the culture that an outsider could not understand. Situates ethnography in history versus â€Å"ethnographic present† which made impersonations about groups. Early ethnographers were written in present tense. Present tense had a tendency to represent the cultures as unchanging. August 29, 2012 Paul Arabian (1977): 1968 0 12 years after Morocco had achieved independence from France Arabians Subject Position Research Process Richard Abraham (taught Arabian Arabic; Arabian saw Abraham as a friend) All Meeker Milk Post Modern, Post-colonial Feminist, Diaspora Studies, etc. Changes in the forms of modern society Accounts for disparities among countries and the historical legacies of European colonialism. Accounts for inequalities based on sex, gender, and race-ethnicity that were not sufficiently counted for by political economy’s. Tong: Cathy A. Small (1997): Voyages: from Tong Villages to American Suburbs History Smalls subject position Research process Key cultural consultants Other research methods Self-Reflexive Ethnography US Immigration Policy: 1796 0 Free White Persons (men) ASSES O Slavery ends 1824/1924 0 National Origin Quota – Laws 1965 0 Immigration and Nationality Act 1986 0 Immigration Reform and Control Act Legal Permanent Residency: Family Reunification 2005: of 1. Lion Skilled workers Investors Random lottery 2000: 8 million applicants 1 10,000 selected 178 Tongs Refugees/political asylum cases Remittances is the money immigrants send back. Material wealth important for some aspects of life in Tong. Tong: History 1500 B. C 0 Polynesians come to settle 875 0 Stratified Chiefdom Low chiefs Specialists Commoner farmers 1150 0 ‘Lounge’ Tu† Tong capital 1 575 0 4-tiered tomb September 5 Tong: Kava Drinking Ceremonies – people were arranged and served by their social status; typically women do the serving to men. Religion: ‘Original’ gods House’s (Supreme god) Loyola (rain, wind, agriculture, harvest) Maim (holding up the islands) 5 sea gods; god for craftsmen At least 300 gods ‘Soul’ gods ‘Mischievous’ gods Celebrations: Community celebrations and exchanges Ceremonial wealth (kola) Tap cloths and mats; baskets of food Blankets, cash, etc. Weddings and funerals First birthday, 21st birthday Tautology Special dance performed by women; could be difficult learn Kinship and Raising Children: The Tong way (nag factions) Respect (including tapes) Children could not touch top of father’s head Exchanges, obligations (gave) Outside/inside Expectation that cooking is outside of house and eating is separated from cooking. Kinship and Households: Father = head; disciplinarian Brothers, sisters Relationship becomes a lot more formal after puberty. Eldest brother, eldest sister High expectations; must fulfill roles if a death occurs. Eldest son’s futuristic privilege is that they inherit the land. Father’s sister Could have the children if she wanted; very important role. Mother’s family Adoption Contact with Europeans: 1616, 1643 0 Dutch explorers asses 0 Captain James Cook (British) 1797 0 London Mission Society (Boson) sass 0 Cargo ships, Whalers asses 0 Wesleyan Methodist missionaries; Wars of Succession/Civil Wars and conflicts between chiefs 1834 0 Rising Chief converts 1845 0 Becomes King George I 1875 0 Some chiefs, land, taxes, etc. 1900 0 British Protectorate 1954 0 Independence Mourning period for a kings death is 10 days. Businesses are expected to be closed during the mourning period. With the last kings death the mourning period was deck September 10 Culture At least ‘365’ different definitions â€Å"Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any there capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society’ (Taylor 1871). Going to be a member of a specific society Characteristics of Culture: Learned Keeping 2-3 feet of space between you and someone you don’t know intimately was never a taught thing, but is learned implicitly by observation. Systems of Symbolic Meanings Religious symbols (I. E. A cross) entail a lot of meaning people. Culture teaches us how to express biological or natural ‘urges’ in particular ways. What, when, and how to eat All-encompassing In other words, not restricted to ‘high culture, fine arts, great literature, etc. All that relates to everyday life. Integrated Different aspects of culture are interrelated, patterned systems. Social scientists focus a lot of attention on trying to determine various patterns and relationships. Changes in one aspect of culture usually entail changes in other aspects. Example: increasing numbers of women in the U. S working outside the home from the asses on. People use culture actively and creatively. Culture as a ‘process’ vs.. A thing. Once you start thinking of culture as a process, change can take place. Various forms of knowledge and practice Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive with respect to the (natural and/or cultural) People raised with certain rules and norms, BUT Rules and norms vary according to subject positions of individuals. Gender, age, etc. They are subject to interpretation. They can be contested and changed. There are struggles within cultures (and among different groups of people) over the meanings of symbols, ideas, values, and practices. Ideals: what people say they do or should do. Practices observed by members of that society (as well as anthropologists). Levels of Many cultures have origins before nation-states were ever created. However, today: International or transnational cultures Spread of global capitalism, commercialism. Many struggles over values and meanings. National cultures Subcultures (within nations) I. E. The South in the U. S. Has several distinguishing factors. Region, ethnicity, language, class, religion, age, etc. Cultural Relativism Practices in one culture should not be Judged by the standards of another culture. Vs.. Ethnocentrism, Human Rights, Cultural Rights Analyzing Cultures Universities You must eat, you must sleep, etc. Generalities Common in many different cultures Particularities September 12 Rites of Passage Separation, Limitability, Incorporation Collective Limitability Community spirit, solidarity, effervescence (some) social hierarchies are temporarily suspended. Equivalent of Carnival in Brazil is Marci Grass in the United States. Religion Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, forces, and powers (Wallace 1966: 5 cited in Cotta). Rituals Formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped, practices usually performed in special places at set times. Social acts, typically with groups; participation, versus audience, religious/secular Functions of Religion Personal or group transformations Through rituals and rites of passage Create a sense of group unity Through shared practices (rituals and rites) Explain the mysterious Reduce anxiety, offer hope Help people cope with adversity Joy, fear, etc. Reduce or create anxiety Control nature and/or social worlds Achieve specific aims Provide moral codes (or values) Guide practices and beliefs Produce regret, guilt, shame Produce the need for forgiveness Capote’s in Southern Mexico and live in Cacao and use the economic system of Slaughter to fund economic practices. How to cite Anthro Exam Notes and Review, Papers

Describe ways to ensure attitudes and beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work free essay sample

Describe ways to ensure attitudes and beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work. Everyone has attitudes and beliefs that they value. Many of these are instilled in us from a very young age. The way we are raised and the behaviours we are shown whilst growing up and developing will have a strong influence on the attitudes and opinions we are likely to form. What a child thinks is morally acceptable is most likely to be adopted from their parents and other family members. For example if a child grows up around a lot of violence they may consider that violence is acceptable form of behaviour when dealing with difficult situations. Children who grow up in unhappy households were relationships do not last are likely to grow up finding it difficult to maintain relationships themselves. Whilst children who grow up around loving secure relationships are likely to go on to also form these types of relationships. We will write a custom essay sample on Describe ways to ensure attitudes and beliefs do not obstruct the quality of work or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Although some attitudes and beliefs will also come from their own experiences. Attitudes and opinions can be very personal just as a person’s beliefs are. Many people take their religious beliefs very seriously especially about what their religious beliefs say about the way people should dress, eat, behave and what is right and wrong. Although everyone is entitled to have their own opinions and beliefs it is important that they do not have a negative impact on a person’s work. In the workplace you are unlikely to agree with all of the attitudes and beliefs of all the people you work with both adults and children. However, when working with children it is your job to try and change the options’ or beliefs of the people you work with but instead to be a positive role model by putting your own personal attitudes and beliefs to one side and respecting, promoting and responding positively to the people you work with. Reference